Vitamin C is sometimes added by fortification, because content is variable, and much of that is lost in processing. Other vitamin concentrations are low, but apple juice does contain various mineral nutrients, including boron, which may promote healthy bones. Apple juice has a significant concentration of polyphenols of low molecular weight (including chlorogenic acid, flavan-3-ols, and flavonols) and procyanidins that may protect from diseases associated with aging due to the antioxidant effects which help reduce the likeliness of developing cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Research suggests that apple juice increases acetylcholine in the brain, resulting in increased memory. Despite its positive health benefits, apple juice is very high in sugar with an average of over 28grams per 8 ounce, rivaling non diet Pepsi in terms of sugar, and carbs. Also like most fruit juice apple juice contains the same amount of sugar, but lacks the fiber due to loss of skin. The sugar in apple juice, despite being natural, is bad enough that consumption is frowned upon for diabetics.